All Scipio could obtain was permission to cross over from Sicily to Africa if it appeared to be in the interests of Rome, but not financial or military support. After a while you should be able to push the axis out of africa with south africa/australian tanks. He had been brought to Scotland by Captain Andrew Douglas in 1702 from the West Indies, where he had been transported as a young boy from the African west coast. In 211 BC, both Scipio's father, Publius Scipio, and uncle, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, were killed at the Battle of the Upper Baetis in Spain against Hannibal's brother, Hasdrubal Barca. Roman javelins were used to good effect, and the sharp traps caused further disorder among the elephants. Rather than arranging his forces in the traditional manipular lines, which put the hastati, principes, and triarii in succeeding lines parallel to the enemy's line, Scipio instead put the maniples in lines perpendicular to the enemy, a stratagem designed to counter the war elephants. Then in 213 he returned to a civilian career by winning the position of curule (“higher”) aedile; the story is told that when the tribunes objected to his candidature because he was under the legal age, he replied, “If all the Roman people want to make me aedile, I am old enough.” Soon family and national disaster followed: his father and uncle were defeated and killed in Spain, where the Carthaginians swept forward to the Ebro River (211). [8] The Tribunate of the Plebs objected to his candidacy, saying that he could not be allowed to stand because he had not yet reached the legal age. Advocates for Hannibal often claim that his army was mostly Italians pressed into service from southern Italy and that most of his elite veterans (and certainly cavalry) were spent. Though not a "battle," both Polybius and Livy estimate that the death toll in this single attack exceeded 40,000 Carthaginian and Numidian dead, and more captured. At a later date, some Roman emperors claimed descent from Scipio Africanus. They were lynched by their relatives who disapproved of their methods and perhaps had economic reasons to fear the land redistribution. Coincidentally, his great rival Hannibal died in Bithynia in the same year or shortly thereafter, also an exile (albeit far from his native city and not by his own decision), pursued and harassed to the end by Romans such as Titus Quinctius Flamininus. [10] In spite of his youth (25 years), his noble demeanour and enthusiastic language had made so great an impression that he was unanimously elected. Scipio is the hero of Petrarch's Latin epic Africa. The elder Publius Cornelius Scipio was appointed an augur in 180 BC;[21] he never ran for office due to poor health. When the Scipiones returned to Rome, two tribunes prosecuted (187 BC) Lucius on the grounds of misappropriation of money received from Antiochus. Scipio Africanus's eldest grandson Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio became consul in 138, murdered his own cousin Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (163–132 BC) in 132. For his self-restraint in putting the good of the republic ahead of his own gain, Scipio was praised by Livy for showing uncommon greatness of mind—an example conspicuously not emulated by Marius, Sulla or Caesar.[18]. The eldest child and only surviving daughter, Sempronia, was married to her mother's first cousin (and her own cousin by adoption) Scipio Aemilianus Africanus. [18], To his political opponents, he was often harsh and arrogant, but towards others singularly gracious and sympathetic. Hannibal's brothers Hasdrubal and Mago, and Hasdrubal Gisco were the generals of the Carthaginian forces in Hispania, and Rome was aided by the inability of these three figures to act in concert. [citation needed]. Polybius said, "of all the brilliant exploits performed by Scipio this seems to me the most brilliant and more adventurous." The Carthaginians were also preoccupied with revolts in Africa. His greatest military achievement was the defeat of Hannibal at the Battle of Zama (near modern Zama, Tunisia) in 202 BC. The ability which he is supposed to have possessed is called by the old name, "second sight", and he is supposed to have had prescient dreams in which he saw the future. It is certainly true that some Romans of the day viewed Cato as a representative of the old Romans, and Scipio and his like as Graecophiles). Scipio's conquest of Carthaginian Iberia culminated in the Battle of Ilipa (near Alcalá del Río, Spain) in 206 BC against Hannibal's brother Mago Barca. Once he had beaten down political opposition in the Senate, he crossed to Sicily with an army consisting partly of volunteers, some of whom had also survived the disaster of Cannae and sought to redeem themselves. By. During the Battle of Ticinus, he saved his father's life by "charging the encircling force alone with reckless daring. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. He became consul (abdicating or resigning in 162 BC for religious reasons, then being re-elected in 155 BC), censor in 159 BC, Princeps Senatus, and died as Pontifex Maximus in 141 BC. After winning over a number of Hispanian chiefs (namely Indibilis and Mandonius), Scipio achieved a decisive victory in 206 BC over the full Carthaginian levy at Ilipa (now the city of Alcalá del Río, near Hispalis, now called Seville), which resulted in the evacuation of Hispania by the Punic commanders. In 203 BC, he destroyed the combined armies of the Carthaginians and Numidians by approaching by stealth and setting fire to their camp, where the combined army became panicked and fled, when they were mostly killed by Scipio's army. Scipio pressed the Senate for permission to cross into Africa. [citation needed]. Scipio's humanitarian conduct toward prisoners and hostages in Hispania helped in portraying the Romans as liberators as opposed to conquerors. On the day of the battle, Scipio dramatically altered that routine, arriving in full force at dawn and changing the order of his troops so that where he was strong the Carthaginians were weak. In the year 199 BC, Scipio was elected Censor and for some years afterwards he lived quietly and took no part in politics. From these men, Scipio was able to muster a highly motivated and very experienced force for his African invasion. While with him during an engagement on the Ticinus River, the young Scipio made his first appearance in history. Scipio was a member of the Salii, the college of priests of Mars. This bumps up the second skill from 10% chances to 15% chances, not too much. However, Scipio dictated extremely moderate terms in contrast to an immoderate Roman Senate. The couple had no children, and Sempronia grew to hate her husband after he condoned the murder of her brother Tiberius in 132 BC. L) writing in the 1st century AD, some decades after Livy. This son-in-law was a distinguished Roman in his own right. The relatives of Scipio continued to dominate the republic for a couple of generations. Hannibal could boast a strength of around forty thousand: 36,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry, compared to Scipio's 29,000 infantry and 6,100 cavalry. After his rapid success in conquering Hispania, and with the idea of striking a blow at Carthage in Africa, Scipio paid a short visit to the Numidian princes Syphax and Massinissa. Scipio quickly dispatched his two lieutenants, Laelius and Masinissa, to pursue Syphax. They ultimately dethroned Syphax, and ensured Prince Masinissa's coronation as King of the Numidians. Cato, as a loyalist of Fabius Maximus, had been sent out as quaestor to Scipio in Sicily circa 204 BC to investigate charges of military indiscipline, corruption, and other offence against Scipio; none of those charges was found true by the tribunes of the plebs accompanying Cato (it may or may not be significant that years later, as censor, Cato degraded Scipio's brother Scipio Asiaticus from the Senate. [14] Scipio turned Sicily into a camp for training his army. His Graecophile lifestyle, and his unconventional way of wearing the Roman toga, raised much opposition among some Senators of Rome, led by Cato the Elder who felt that Greek influence was destroying Roman culture. This suggests that it was known that Africanus was not buried inside Rome, and it is possible that his sarcophagus did indeed resemble an altar (although there is no direct evidence for this), given that that of the "founder" of the Scipiones, Scipio Barbatus, which can be found in pride of place in the family tomb, is altar-like in style. Livy tells the story of his troops capturing a beautiful woman, whom they offered to Scipio as a prize of war. Scipio then allegedly asked the courts why they were concerned about how 3,000 talents had been spent and apparently unconcerned about how 15,000 talents were entering the state coffers (the tribute that Antiochus was paying Rome after his defeat by Lucius). The Roman Senate sent a commission of inquiry to Sicily and found Scipio at the head of a well-equipped and trained fleet and army. He also appears in the Haemimont Games video game Imperivm III: The Great Battles of Rome, Centurion: Defender of Rome,[32] and in the Hannibal at the Gates campaign in Total War: Rome II. Scipio’s physical appearance is shown on some coins minted at Carthago Nova (now Cartagena, Spain)—which almost certainly bear his portrait—and also probably on a signet ring found near Naples. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (* 235 v. Chr. The elder, Cornelia, married her second cousin Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum (son of the consul of 191 BC who was himself son of Scipio's elder paternal uncle Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus). For his victory he won the surname Africanus (201 bce). The Roman army was then drawn up in one long line (as opposed to the traditional three lines) in order to match the length of Hannibal's line. Metellus Scipio was the last Scipio to distinguish himself militarily or politically. Aemilia Paulla had unusual freedom and wealth for a patrician married woman, and she was an important role model for many younger Roman women,[citation needed] just as her youngest daughter Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, would be an important role model for many Late Republican Roman noblewomen, including allegedly the mother of Julius Caesar. ", "Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius, (The Elder) (237–183 BC), son of Publius Cornelius Scipio", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scipio_Africanus&oldid=1019093859, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from June 2020, All articles needing additional references, Pages using infobox military person with embed, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica – son, married Licinia Crassa Prima, daughter of, Lucius Licinius Crassus Scipio –younger son, adopted by his grandfather, Cornelia Scipionis – daughter, married Publius Cornelius M. f. Lentulus, This page was last edited on 21 April 2021, at 13:51.
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