Individual heads of state may acquire their position by virtue of a constitution. In ancient Sparta there were two hereditary kings, belonging to two dynasties. Below is a list of state titles and their stats. Note: The head of state in a "presidential" system may not actually hold the title of "president" - the name of the system refers to any head of state who actually governs and is not directly dependent on the legislature to remain in office. In these states, there was no formal office of head of state, but rather the leader of the legislative branch was considered to be the closest common equivalent of a head of state as a natural person. This is not always the same person as the head of state.Official titles for heads of government include Premier or Prime Minister.. For example, in the United States, the president is both the head of state and the head of government. All monarchies fit this pattern, except absolute monarchies, in which there is no formal government distinct from the sovereign's personal power. the State of the Union address in the United States of America, or the State of the Nation Address in South Africa. chief executive. In certain cases a special style is needed to accommodate imperfect statehood, e.g., the title Sadr-i-Riyasat was used in Kashmir after its accession to India, and the Palestine Liberation Organization leader, Yasser Arafat, was styled the first "President of the Palestinian National Authority" in 1994. However, he or she has no access to documentation and all access to ministers goes through the Department of the Taoiseach. Most countries require that all bills passed by the house or houses of the legislature be signed into law by the head of state. [14][15], In contrast, the only contact the president of Ireland has with the Irish government is through a formal briefing session given by the taoiseach (head of government) to the president. In Uganda, Idi Amin the military leader after the coup of 25 January 1971 was formally styled military head of state till 21 February 1971, only from then on regular (but unconstitutional, not elected) president. In presidential systems the head of state is the actual, de facto chief executive officer. The second and last incumbent of the office, Yusof bin Ishak, kept the style at 31 August 1963 unilateral declaration of independence and after 16 September 1963 accession to Malaysia as a state (so now as a constituent part of the federation, a non-sovereign level). IMDb's advanced search allows you to run extremely powerful queries over all people and titles in the database. In a letter informing the monarch after the event, the Governor General said: "I have to await the verdict of history to prove my having adopted a wrong course, and this I do with an easy conscience that, right or wrong, I have acted in the interests of Canada and implicated no one else in my decision. This is not the same as the use of force to maintain power, as is practised by authoritarian or totalitarian rulers. As a result, some of the duties previously held by the president are constitutionally delegated to the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly, who performs some of the roles of a head of state, such as accrediting foreign ambassadors and undertaking overseas visits. [1], Former French president Charles de Gaulle, while developing the current Constitution of France (1958), said that the head of state should embody l'esprit de la nation ("the spirit of the nation"). Another complication exists with South Africa, in which the president is in fact elected by the National Assembly (legislature) and is thus similar, in principle, to a head of government in a parliamentary system but is also, in addition, recognised as the head of state. The queen's powers as head of state are exercised on her behalf by the governor-general of Canada, except when the queen is in Canada. If he or she is also chief executive, he or she can thus politically control the necessary executive measures without which a proclaimed law can remain dead letter, sometimes for years or even forever. By similar procedure, an original mandate may be declared invalid. In some cases, an abdication cannot occur unilaterally, but comes into effect only when approved by an act of parliament, as in the case of British King Edward VIII. The executive branch is thus said to be responsible (or answerable) to the legislature, with the head of government and cabinet in turn accepting constitutional responsibility for offering constitutional advice to the head of state. Some countries with a parliamentary system designate officials other than the head of state with command-in-chief powers. Within this general category, variants in terms of powers and functions may exist. Initially, the president was merely a symbolic figure with the Reichstag dominant; however, persistent political instability, in which governments often lasted only a few months, led to a change in the power structure of the republic, with the president's emergency powers called increasingly into use to prop up governments challenged by critical or even hostile Reichstag votes. The most extreme non-executive republican head of state is the president of Israel, which holds no reserve powers whatsoever[citation needed]. [11][47] Titles commonly used by monarchs are King/Queen or Emperor/Empress, but also many other; e.g., Grand Duke, Prince, Emir and Sultan. Such arrangements are not to be confused with supranational entities which are not states and are not defined by a common monarchy but may (or not) have a symbolic, essentially protocollary, titled highest office, e.g., Head of the Commonwealth (held by the British crown, but not legally reserved for it) or 'Head of the Arab Union' (14 February - 14 July 1958, held by the Hashemite King of Iraq, during its short-lived Federation with Jordan, its Hashemite sister-realm). A head of state may seize power by force or revolution. Note : Names in small font generally denote acting, transitional, temporary leaders, or representatives. These officials are excluded completely from the executive: they do not possess even theoretical executive powers or any role, even formal, within the government. appoints cabinet and other agency heads. In North Korea, the late Kim Il-sung was named "Eternal President" 4 years after his death and the presidency was abolished. If you think that is funny her official titles are even funnier ...she is: Her Majesty Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith. chief executive. In some cases they are de facto leaders not occupying either of those positions or prime ministers who are not heads of government. In the Soviet Union this position carried such titles as Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR; Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet; and in the case of the Soviet Russia Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets (pre-1922), and Chairman of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian SFSR (1956–1966). The governor-general issued a public statement saying he felt it was the only solution consistent with the constitution, his oath of office, and his responsibilities, authority, and duty as governor-general. [52][53][54] However, rather than being invariably concluded between two heads of state, it has become common that bilateral treaties are in present times cast in an intergovernmental format, e.g., between the Government of X and the Government of Y, rather than between His Majesty the King of X and His Excellency the President of Y. Complete exclusion of females from dynastic succession is commonly referred to as application of the Salic law (see Terra salica). After its expulsion from Malaysia on 9 August 1965, Singapore became a sovereign Commonwealth republic and installed Yusof bin Ishak as its first president. Presidential systems are a notable feature of constitutions in the Americas, including those of Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, Mexico and Venezuela; this is generally attributed to the strong influence of the United States in the region, and as the United States Constitution served as an inspiration and model for the Latin American wars of independence of the early 19th century. So, Italy had a de factocode: lat promoted to code: la parliamentary system, but a de jurecode: lat promoted to code: la "presidential" system. Chief of state, or head of state, is really only a part of the president's role, though. The monarchies who survived through this era were the ones who were willing to subject themselves to constitutional limitations. Apart from violent overthrow, a head of state's position can be lost in several ways, including death, another by expiration of the constitutional term of office, abdication, or resignation. Effigies, memorials and monuments of former heads of state can be designed to represent the history or aspirations of a state or its people, such as the equestrian bronze sculpture of Kaiser Wilhelm I, first Emperor of a unified Germany[86] erected in Berlin at the end of the nineteenth century; or the Victoria Memorial erected in front of Buckingham Palace London, commemorating Queen Victoria and her reign (1837–1901), and unveiled in 1911 by her grandson, King George V; or the monument, placed in front of the Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata (Calcutta) (1921), commemorating Queen Victoria's reign as Empress of India from 1876. In military dictatorships, or governments which have arisen from coups d'état, the position of commander-in-chief is obvious, as all authority in such a government derives from the application of military force; occasionally a power vacuum created by war is filled by a head of state stepping beyond his or her normal constitutional role, as King Albert I of Belgium did during World War I. IMDb's advanced search allows you to run extremely powerful queries over all people and titles in the database. [2] However, in some parliamentary systems, like South Africa, there is an executive president that is both head of state and head of government. The position of head of state can be established in different ways, and with different sources of legitimacy. While also being the leading symbol of the nation, the president in this system acts mostly as a prime minister since the incumbent must be a member of the legislature at the time of the election, answer question sessions in Parliament, avoid motions of no confidence, etc. The Sovereignty Council comprises 11 ministers, who together have exercised all governmental functions for Sudan since the fall of President Omar Al-Bashir. Protocol holds that a head of state takes precedence over all other officials, and that heads of state rank in the order that they took office. [79] A letter from the queen's private secretary at the time, Martin Charteris, confirmed that the only person competent to commission an Australian prime minister was the governor-general and it would not be proper for the monarch to personally intervene in matters that the Constitution Act so clearly places within the governor-general's jurisdiction.[80]. hosts dignitaries. This situation was later changed: the Head of State of the PRC is now the President of the People's Republic of China. The president does, however, hold limited reserve powers, such as referring a bill to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality, which are used under the president's discretion.[16]. Before primogeniture was enshrined in European law and tradition, kings would often secure the succession by having their successor (usually their eldest son) crowned during their own lifetime, so for a time there would be two kings in coregency – a senior king and a junior king. In general (not referring to Google's current search), this title typically implies that the candidate wanted a director/VP/executive title but the organization (often for internal equity reasons) refused to extend the title. At home, heads of state are expected to render lustre to various occasions by their presence, such as by attending artistic or sports performances or competitions (often in a theatrical honour box, on a platform, on the front row, at the honours table), expositions, national day celebrations, dedication events, military parades and war remembrances, prominent funerals, visiting different parts of the country and people from different walks of life, and at times performing symbolic acts such as cutting a ribbon, groundbreaking, ship christening, laying the first stone. In a constitutional monarchy or non-executive presidency, the head of state may de jure hold ultimate authority over the armed forces but will only normally, as per either written law or unwritten convention, exercise their authority on the advice of their responsible ministers: meaning that the de facto ultimate decision making on military manoeuvres is made elsewhere. Afioga Tuimalealiifano Vaaletoa Sualauvi II was sworn in as the Head of State of the Independent State of Samoa on the 21 st July, 2017.. Afioga Tuimalealiifano has been the holder of one of Samoa’s four Tama Aiga titles, Tuimalealiifano since 1977. Some constitutions or fundamental laws provide for a head of state who is not only in theory but in practice chief executive, operating separately from, and independent from, the legislature. Head of State is een Amerikaanse komische film uit 2003 van en met Chris Rock, met verder onder meer Bernie Mac. Subsequently, President von Hindenburg used his power to appoint Adolf Hitler as Chancellor without consulting the Reichstag. [16] In France, while the president cannot force the prime minister to tender the resignation of the government, he can, in practice, request it if the prime minister is from his own majority. In early modern Europe, a single person was often monarch simultaneously of separate states. Heads of governments around the world answer to a host of different titles: President, chancellor, prime minister and more. The notion of a social contract holds that the nation—either the whole people or the electorate—gives a mandate, through acclamation or election. Today, the speaker of the Riksdag appoints (following a vote in the Riksdag) the prime minister and terminates his or her commission following a vote of no confidence or voluntary resignation. Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Taisi Efi Head of State of Samoa Public Lecture Address University of Hawaii, Manoa Hawaii 29 October 2007 . [52], In Canada, these head of state powers belong to the monarch as part of the royal prerogative,[57][58][59][60] but the Governor General has been permitted to exercise them since 1947 and has done so since the 1970s.[60][61]. The Colonel This is not always the same person as the head of state.Official titles for heads of government include Premier or Prime Minister.. For example, in the United States, the president is both the head of state and the head of government. & A.M. of Alabama. In Australia the present queen is generally assumed to be head of state, since the governor-general and the state governors are defined as her "representatives". The same applies to Australian states, Indian states, etc. The least ceremonial powers held by the president are to appoint the prime minister, to approve the dissolution of the Knesset made by the prime minister, and to pardon criminals or to commute their sentence. The head of government is the leader of the executive branch of a nation's government. The M.W. Panama, during the military dictatorships of Omar Torrijos and Manuel Noriega, was nominally a presidential republic. The Belgian constitutional crisis in 1990, when the head of state refused to sign into law a bill permitting abortion, was resolved by the cabinet assuming the power to promulgate the law while he was treated as "unable to reign" for twenty-four hours.[9][10]. In some states, such as the United Kingdom, Belgium and Ireland, the head of state is, in fact, formally considered a tier of the legislature. He also proclaimed himself president for life (Indonesian: Presiden Seumur Hidup Panglima Tertinggi; "panglima" meaning "commander or martial figurehead", "tertinggi" meaning "highest"; roughly translated to English as "Supreme Commander of the Revolution"). See more. This is generally the only time a head of state of a stable, democratic country will appear dressed in such a manner, as statesmen and public are eager to assert the primacy of (civilian, elected) politics over the armed forces. Some monarchs even claimed divine ancestry, such as Egyptian pharaohs and Sapa Incas, who claimed descent from their respective sun gods and often sought to maintain this bloodline by practising incestuous marriage. When a presidential candidate dies unexpectedly in the middle of the campaign, Washington, D.C. alderman, Mays Gilliam is unexpectedly picked as his replacement. [49][46] The head of state accredits (i.e. In a monarchy, this is usually a regent or collegial regency (council). One of the most important roles of the modern head of state is being a living national symbol of the state; in hereditary monarchies this extends to the monarch being a symbol of the unbroken continuity of the state. List of Nigeria’s presidents & Head of States from 1960 till date: Queen Elizabeth. The former king brought this issue, along with property ownership issues, before the European Court of Human Rights for alleged violations of the European Convention on Human Rights, but lost with respect to the name issue.[93][94]. [85] Other European monarchies (such as the Netherlands in 1983, Norway in 1990 and Belgium in 1991) have since followed suit. Other countries evolve into something akin to a semi-presidential system or indeed a full presidential system. Here's Why. Constitutional change in Liechtenstein in 2003 gave its head of state, the Reigning Prince, constitutional powers that included a veto over legislation and power to dismiss the head of government and cabinet. This means that the government discreetly approves agenda and speeches, especially where the constitution (or customary law) assumes all political responsibility by granting the crown inviolability (in fact also imposing political emasculation) as in the Kingdom of Belgium from its very beginning; in a monarchy this may even be extended to some degree to other members of the dynasty, especially the heir to the throne. The National Government of the Republic of China, established in 1928, had a panel of about 40 people as collective head of state. *Letters between Reagan and the leaders of the Soviet Union are stored on a separate page and can be found be clicking here. Titles are those of heads of state, not government etc. In a republic, the head of state nowadays usually bears the title of President, but some have or had had other titles. This page was last edited on 1 March 2021, at 19:45. The role of a head of state in this regard, is codified in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations from 1961, which (as of 2017) 191 sovereign states has ratified. In some parliamentary systems, the head of state retains certain powers in relation to bills to be exercised at his or her discretion. With the picture in you bag, heed to the west on the same side of the mall to the Georgetown Metro Station entrance.. As you will see on your steps towards the Lincoln Memorial there aren´t any Muties left, instead the stairs to the memorial is fortified by slavers.. Find exactly what you're looking for! The second pattern is president as head of state, prime minister as head … When you're in charge of a whole country, you're entitled to a nice set of wheels. By scope of authority. LastName.” (“President LastName” or “Mr. For example, in the United States the vice-president acts when the president is incapacitated, and in the United Kingdom the queen's powers may be delegated to counselors of state when she is abroad or unavailable. The Commonwealth realms share a monarch, currently Elizabeth II. A composite monarchy is a retrospective label for those cases where the states were governed entirely separately. [23] The offices of president of Nauru and president of Botswana are similar in this respect to the South African presidency.[11][24][25]. The late president was granted the posthumous title (akin to some ancient Far Eastern traditions to give posthumous names and titles to royalty) of "Eternal President". This usually means that the heir to the throne is known well in advance of becoming monarch to ensure a smooth succession. Emir, Prince & Sultan apply to two countries each. In republics with a parliamentary system (such as Germany, Austria, Italy and Israel) the head of state is usually titled "president" or its equivalent, but the main functions of such a president are ceremonial, as opposed to the president in a presidential or semi-presidential system. The chairman is the head of a political party. In parliamentary systems the head of state may be merely the nominal chief executive officer, heading the executive branch of the state, and possessing limited executive power. Primogeniture, in which the eldest child of the monarch is first in line to become monarch, is the most common system in hereditary monarchy. For instance, the Canadian monarch is described by the government as being the personification of the Canadian state and is described by the Department of Canadian Heritage as the "personal symbol of allegiance, unity and authority for all Canadians".[26][27]. These non-sovereign-state heads, nevertheless, have limited or no role in diplomatic affairs, depending on the status and the norms and practices of the territories concerned. The Constitution as in force on 1 June 2003 together with proclamation declaring the establishment of the Commonwealth, letters patent relating to the Office of Governor-General, Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942, Australia Act 1986. But unless the Canadian monarchy is abolished, attributing that title to the governor general is a misnomer, one that confuses our understanding of a … Selected guest list for the wedding service at Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Luxembourg on October 20, 2012 at 11:00 a.m. Governors General of Canada (British, 1867-1952) Men who held the modern-day office of Governor General of Canada during the period in which they were British aristocrats appointed by … Outer Mongolia, the former homeland of the imperial dynasty of Genghis Khan, was another lamaist theocracy from 1585, using various styles, such as tulku. In 1959, when former British crown colony Singapore gained self-government, it adopted the Malay style Yang di-Pertuan Negara (literally means "head of state" in Malay) for its governor (the actual head of state remained the British monarch). Whenever a head of state is not available for any reason, constitutional provisions may allow the role to fall temporarily to an assigned person or collective body. Sometimes religion is affected; under the Act of Settlement 1701 all Roman Catholics and all persons who have married Roman Catholics are ineligible to be the British monarch and are skipped in the order of succession. A head of state is often empowered to summon and dissolve the country's legislature. Furthermore, the bishop of Urgell is ex officio one of the two co-princes of Andorra. chief executive. The head of State in Canada is The Queen of Canada.The current title of the Queen is as follows: "Her Majesty Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of … The idea, sometimes regulated by law, is to use these portraits to make the public aware of the symbolic connection to the government, a practice that dates back to medieval times. He was praised as "Paduka Yang Mulia", a Malay honorific originally given to kings; Sukarno awarded himself titles in that fashion due to his noble ancestry. In Europe the role of a monarchs has gradually transitioned from that of a sovereign ruler—in the sense of Divine Right of Kings as articulated by Jean Bodin, Absolutism and the "L'etat c'est moi"—to that of a constitutional monarch; parallel with the conceptual evolution of sovereignty from merely the personal rule of a single person, to Westphalian sovereignty (Peace of Westphalia ending both the Thirty Years' War & Eighty Years' War) and popular sovereignty as in consent of the governed; as shown in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England & Scotland, the French Revolution in 1789, and the German Revolution of 1918–1919. The Aga Khans, a unique dynasty of temporal/religious leadership, leading the Nizari offshoot of Shia Islam in Central and South Asia, once ranking among British India's princely states, continue to the present day. Heads of state often greet important foreign visitors, particularly visiting heads of state. In this case the debate centers on confirming them into office, not removing them from office, and does not involve the power to reject or approve proposed cabinet members en bloc, so accountability does not operate in the same sense understood as a parliamentary system. Heads of State - IMDb. Some states have fixed term legislatures, with no option of bringing forward elections (e.g., Article II, Section 3, of the U.S. Constitution[43]). Likewise, in some parliamentary systems the head of state is not the head of government, but still has significant powers, for example Morocco. In presidential systems, such as that of the United States, appointments are nominated by the president's sole discretion, but this nomination is often subject to confirmation by the legislature; and specifically in the US, the Senate has to approve senior executive branch and judicial appointments by a simple majority vote.[43]. In monarchies with a written constitution, the position of monarch is a creature of the constitution and could quite properly be abolished through a democratic procedure of constitutional amendment, although there are often significant procedural hurdles imposed on such a procedure (as in the Constitution of Spain). The Italian constitution provides that a former president of the Republic takes the title President Emeritus of the Italian Republic and he or she is also a senator for life, and enjoys immunity, flight status and official residences certain privileges. Democracy entitles this informal title to the Throne in Britain 35min | |... 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